The overall goal of this project will be to evaluate the ability of novel adsorbent/reactants to remove arsenic, selenium and mercury from ash and scrubber pond effluents while producing stable residuals for ultimate disposal. The adsorbent/reactants to be evaluated include micro- and nano-sized iron sulfides (FeS) and disulfides (FeS₂). These compounds have the ability to remove arsenic, selenium and mercury from solution as well as to react with them to produce solid phases that are stable when disposed in landfills. Stability after disposal is important so that removal of these compounds from wastewaters will not result in contamination of soils and groundwaters. Methods for reliably and economically producing these materials will be developed.

Batch reactor systems will be employed in an anaerobic chamber to conduct experiments to characterize removal of arsenic, selenium and mercury from solution and the subsequent reactions.  Experimental variables for removal experiments (short reaction time) will include: contaminant valence state (As(V), As(III), Se(VI), Se(IV), Hg(II)); adsorbent/reactant type (FeS, FeS₂); adsorbent/reactant concentration; pH (7, 8, 9, 10); competing ion (SO₄^2- )concentration (0, 10^-1,10^-2M). Measured variables will be the soluble concentration of the contaminant. This data will be used to determine adsorption isotherms for each contaminant on each adsorbent/reactant. Experimental variables for reaction experiments (longer reaction time) will include: reaction time; pH (7, 8, 9, 10), and reductant type (none, Sn(II), borohydride). Measured variables will be soluble concentration of contaminant, identity of surface compounds (XRD) and leachability of surface compounds (equilibrium extraction test at various pH).  Techniques will be developed to efficiently and economically produce adsorbent/reactants of different particle sizes. Experimental variables to be evaluated include concentrations of reactants (Fe²+, Fe³+, HS-); temperature; energy input (microwave, ultrasound); inert nuclei.