NETL: Innovations for Existing Plants

Program Overview

Overview Publications:

IEP, Recent Accomplishments Report - [PDF-1.3MB] (Oct 2007)
IEP Roadmap & Program Plan [PDF-1.2MB] (May 2006)
DOE/NETL'S Innovations for Existing Plants R&D Program [PDF-42KB] (Feb 2005)
Improving the Environmental Performance of Today's Coal-Fired Power Plants
This paper provides an overview of the Innovations for Existing Plants (IEP) Program, managed by the DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory. IEP develops advanced low-cost environmental control technologies for the existing fleet of coal-fired power plants, specifically focusing on the development of advanced mercury, NOx, PM, and acid gas emission control technology. Research is also directed at the characterization and beneficial use of coal utilization byproducts as well as at emerging electric-utility and water issues.
Coal and Power Systems: Innovations for Existing Plants Roadmap [PDF-350KB] (Nov 2002)
Knowledge and Technology Products for Clean Power
Innovations for Existing Power Plants [PDF-2.1MB] (2002)
Enabling Clean, Abundant, and Affordable Power for the Nation

CO₂ Emissions Control

NETL Program Overview Papers:

DOE/NETL Advanced Carbon Dioxide Capture R&D Program Accomplishments [PDF-1.1MB] (Apr 2012)
This report provides an overview of some of the significant accomplishments that have been achieved to date through the R&D efforts being conducted by DOE/NETL on advanced second and third generation CO₂ capture technologies for coal-based power systems.
Evaluation of Concentrated Piperazine for CO2 Capture from Coal-Fired Flue Gas [PDF-631KB] (Oct 2011)
DOE/NETL Advanced CO₂ Capture R&D Program: Technology Update (May 2011)
This comprehensive handbook provides an update on DOE/NETL R&D efforts on advanced CO₂ capture technologies for coal-based power systems. Prepared by the Existing Plants and Sequestration R&D Programs, the report tracks the progress of DOE/NETL CO₂ capture related technology developments and is intended to be updated annually.
DOE/NETL Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage RD&D Roadmap [PDF-5MB] (Dec 2010)
Prepared by the Existing Plants and Sequestration R&D Programs, this report provides an overview of DOE/NETL's RD&D efforts to provide cost-effective advanced CO₂ capture and storage technologies for coal-based power systems.
DOE/NETL Advanced CO₂ Capture R&D Program: Technology Update [PDF-28MB] (Sept 2010)
This comprehensive handbook provides an update on DOE/NETL R&D efforts on advanced CO₂ capture technologies for coal-based power systems including pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-combustion technologies.
Determining Carbon Capture and Sequestration's Water Demands (Mar 2010)
Article published in Power Magazine.
Capturing Carbon from Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-1.1MB] (Apr 2009)
Article published in AIChE's Chemical Engineering Progress magazine.
DOE/NETL’s Carbon Capture R&D Program for Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-400KB] (Feb 2009)
This report provides an overview of DOE/NETL's research program directed at the development of advanced post- and oxy-combustion CO₂ capture technologies for retrofit to existing coal-fired power plants.
DOE's Carbon Capture and Sequestration R&D Program [PDF-354KB] (Dec 2007)
This paper was included in the proceedings of the 2007 POWER-GEN International conference.
Advances in CO₂ capture technology—The U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon Sequestration Program [PDF-1MB] (Sept 2007)
Paper published in Elsevier's International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control.

NETL Technical Papers:

Techno-Economic Analysis of CO₂ Capture-Ready Coal-Fired Power Plants (Aug 2012) NEW!
This analysis evaluates CO₂ capture-ready supercritical pulverized coal units.
Separation and Capture of CO₂ from Large Stationary Sources and Sequestration in Geological Formations—Coalbeds and Deep Saline Aquifers [PDF-18MB] (June 2003)
Paper published as a Critical Review for the Air & Waste Management Association.

NETL Factsheets:

Evaluation of Dry Sorbent Technology for Pre-Combustion CO₂ Capture [PDF-2.20MB] (Nov 2012)
High Efficiency Molten Bed Oxy-Coal Combustion with Low Flue Gas Recirculation [PDF-684MB] (Nov 2012)
Staged, High-Pressure Oxy-Combustion Technology: Development and Scale-up [PDF-739MB] (Nov 2012)
Ionic Liquids: Breakthrough Absorption Technology for Post-Combustion CO₂ Capture (NT43091) [PDF-372KB] (Aug 2012)
Jupiter Oxy-combustion and Integrated Pollutant Removal for the Existing Coal Fired Power Generation Fleet [PDF-602KB] (May 2012)
Application of a Heat-Integrated Post-combustion CO₂ Capture System with Hitachi Advanced Solvent into Existing Coal-Fired Power Plant [PDF-586KB] (May 2012)
Carbon Absorber Retrofit Equipment (CARE) [PDF-519KB] (May 2012)
Low Energy Solvents for CO₂ Capture Enabled by a Combination of Enzymes and Ultrasonics [PDF-277KB] (May 2012)
Development and Demonstration of Waste Heat Integration with Solvent Process for More Efficient CO₂ Removal from Coal-Fired Flue Gas [PDF-513KB] (Mar 2012)
High Performance Polymer Composite Coated Hollow Fiber Membranes for Post Combustion CO₂ Capture and Separation From Coal-fired Power Plants [PDF-630KB] (Mar 2012)
Slipstream Pilot Scale Demonstration of a Novel Amine-Based Post-Combustion Process Technology for CO₂ Capture from Coal-Fired Power Plant Flue Gas [PDF-654KB] (Feb 2012)
Bench-scale Development of an Advanced Solid Sorbent-based CO₂ Capture Process for Coal-fired Power Plants [PDF-702KB] (Jan 2012)
CANMET CO₂ Consortium - O₂/SO₂ Recycle Combustion [PDF-487KB] (Dec 2011)
Oxy-combustion Technology Development for Industrial Scale Boiler Applications [PDF-958KB] (Nov 2011)
CO₂ Capture from Flue Gas Using Solid Molecular Basket Sorbents [PDF-476KB] (Oct 2011)
Oxy-combustion: Oxygen Transport Membrane Development [PDF-716KB] (Oct 2011)
Bench-Scale Silicone Process for Low-Cost CO₂ Capture Fact Sheet [PDF-354KB] (Oct 2011)
Novel Solvent System for CO₂ Capture [PDF-327KB] (Oct 2011)
Novel Concepts for the Compression of Large Volumes of Carbon Dioxide [PDF-979KB] (Oct 2011)
Post-Combustion CO₂ Capture for Existing PC Boilers by Self-Concentrating Amine Absorbent. [PDF-380KB] (Oct 2011)
Advanced Low Energy Enzyme Catalyzed Solvent for CO₂ Capture. [PDF-566KB] (Aug 2011)
Evaluation of Solid Sorbents as a Retrofit Technology for CO₂ Capture. [PDF-585KB] (Feb 2011)
Ramgen Supersonic Shock Wave Compression and Engine Technology (FE0000493) Fact Sheet [PDF-949KB] (Feb 2011)
Hybrid Membrane/Absorption Process for Post-combustion CO₂ Capture [PDF-303KB] (Feb 2011)
Slipstream Testing of a Membrane CO₂ Capture Process for Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-707KB] (Feb 2011)
Bench-Scale Development of a Hot Carbonate Absorption Process with Crystallization-Enabled High Pressure Stripping for Post-Combustion CO₂ Capture [PDF-898KB] (Feb 2011)
Metal Monolithic Amine-Grafted Zeolites for CO₂ Capture [PDF-550KB] (Jan 2011)
Development of Novel Carbon Sorbents for CO₂ Capture [PDF-601KB] (Jan 2011)
CO₂ Capture by Sub-Ambient Membrane Operation [PDF-304KB] (Jan 2011)
Low-cost Sorbent for Capturing CO₂ Emissions Generated by Existing Coal-fired Power Plants [PDF-192KB] (Jan 2011)
Carbon Dioxide Separation with Novel Microporous Metal Organic Frameworks [PDF-659KB] (Aug 2010)
CO₂ Removal from Flue Gas Using Microporous Metal Organic Frameworks [PDF-617KB] (May 2010)

NETL Presentations:

2012 NETL CO₂ Capture Technology Meeting Presentations (July 2012)

2011 NETL CO₂ Capture Technology Meeting Presentations (Aug 2011)

2010 NETL CO₂ Capture Technology Meeting Presentations (Sept 2010)

Annual NETL CO₂ Capture Technology for Existing Plants R&D Meeting Presentations (Mar 2009)

Strategies for Improving Efficiencies in Oxy-Combustion Retrofits Poster Presentation [PDF-3.5MB] (May 2008)
Presented at the Seventh Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration

Upcoming Priorities for DOE's Innovations for Existing Power Plants R&D Program [PDF-2MB] (May 2008)
Presented at the 2008 Institute of Clean Air Companies Annual Meeting.

Carbon Capture R&D: DOE/NETL R&D Program [PDF-1.9MB] (May 2008)
Presented at the Seventh Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration.

DOE's Carbon Capture and Sequestration R&D Program [PDF-1.6MB] (Dec 2007)
Presented at the 2007 POWER-GEN International conference.

DOE's Perspectives on Carbon Capture and Storage - Directions, Challenges, and Opportunities [PDF-1.8MB] (Nov 2007)
Presented at the American Conference Institute's Carbon Capture & Storage conference.

Oxycombustion Technology Research and the National Energy Technology Laboratory Carbon Sequestration Program [PDF-1.8MB] (Nov 2007)
Presented at the 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineer's Annual Meeting.

U.S. Department of Energy's Coal Technology R&D Programs - Responding to Climate Change [PDF-3.7MB] (May 2007)
Presentation to the Irish Government and Environment/Energy sectors.

An update of NETL's Carbon Capture and Sequestration Program [PDF-2.1MB] (Apr 2007)
Presented at the 2007 Electric Power conference.

Non-NETL Related Publications:

Report of the Interagency Task Force on Carbon Capture and Storage (Aug 2010)
President Obama established an Interagency Task Force on Carbon Capture and Storage that was charged with proposing a plan to overcome the barriers to the widespread, cost-effective deployment of CCS within ten years.

Evaluation of Ionic Liquids in Post-Combustion CO₂ Capture [PDF-1.3MB] (May 2008)
Presented at the Seventh Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration held May 5-8, 2008, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (University of Notre Dame)

An Integrated Approach for Oxy-fuel Combustion with CO₂ Capture and Compression Poster Presentation [PDF-991KB] (May 2008)
Presented at the Seventh Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CANMET Government of Canada)

High-sulfur Coal Desulfurization for Oxyfuels Presentation [PDF-1.5MB] (May 2008)
Presented at the Seventh Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration (Argonne National Laboratory)

Development of New Post-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids the Answer? [PDF-3.2MB] (Apr 2008)
Presented at the 235th American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meeting held April 6-8, 2008, in New Orleans, Louisiana. (University of Notre Dame)

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control by Oxygen Firing in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers [PDF-1.3MB] (Mar 2003)
Presented at the 28th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Science held March 10-13, 2003, in Clearwater, Florida. (Alstom)

The Partnership for CO₂ Capture [PDF-7.8MB] (Mar 2008)
Presented by UNDEERC staff at the project kickoff meeting. (Energy & Environmental Research Center)

CO₂ Separation and Capture: Status, Issues, and Opportunities [PDF-1MB] (Nov 2007)
Presented by Dr. Michael Jones, UNDEERC, at the American Conference Institute's Carbon Capture & Storage conference. (Energy & Environmental Research Center)

Water-Energy Interface

NETL Program Overview Papers:

Overview of NETL's Water Energy R&D Activities [PDF-2.7MB] (Dec 2010)

Updated Brochure on NETL's Water Energy RD&D Activities [PDF-4.6MB] (Sept 2010)

Determining Carbon Capture and Sequestration's Water Demands (Mar 2010)
Article published in Power Magazine.

Technology Roadmap & Program Plan [PDF-1.3MB] (Nov 2009)

Use of Non-traditional Waters for Power Plant Applications [PDF-2MB] (Nov 2009)

DOE Annual Progress Report: Water Needs and Constraints for Hydrogen Pathways [PDF-1.3MB] (July 2009)

Existing Plants, Emissions & Capture - Setting Water-Energy R&D Program Goals [PDF-1.6MB] (May 2009)
This report details the assumptions and calculations used to develop NETL's water-energy R&D program goals.

Paper given at the Water-Energy Nexus [PDF-228KB] (Dec 2008)
Breakout session of the International conference on Water Scarcity, Global Changes, and Groundwater Management Responses, University of California, Irvine, United States, Convened by UNESCO, the University of California, Irvine and USGS

Freshwater Needs Projected for Future Fleet [PDF-1.6MB] (Sept 2008)

DOE/NETL Power Plant-Water R&D Program [PDF-406KB] (2006)
This paper was presented at the 2006 Power Gen International Conference.

Department of Energy's Water-Energy Interface Research Program [PDF-534KB] (Apr 2006)
This paper describes DOE/IEP Program's RD&D activities of the Water-Energy Interface Research Program.

Updated Brochure on NETL's Energy-Water RD&D Activities [PDF-638KB] (Apr 2006)
This brochure describes research and development activities at DOE/NETL that are designed to address existing and emerging water-energy issues.

Addressing the Critical Link between Fossil Energy and Water: The Department of Energy/Office of Fossil Energy's Water-Related Research, Development, and Demonstration Program [PDF-828KB] (Oct 2005)
This paper presents background information on the link between energy and water and summarizes the current water-related RD&D activities currently being sponsored by DOE/FE and implemented by the NETL in the areas of fossil-fuel-based thermoelectric power generation, coal mining, and oil and natural gas production.

Department of Energy/Office of Fossil Energy's Power Plant Water Management R&D Program [PDF-297KB] (July 2005)
This paper provides background information on the relationship between water and thermoelectric power generation and describes the R&D activities currently being sponsored by DOE/NETL's IEP program to address current and future water-energy issues.

Water & Energy: Addressing the Critical Link between the Nation's Water Resources and Reliable Secure Energy [PDF-348KB] (Feb 2004)
This brochure describes NETL's capabilities and competencies directed at the intimate link between water and energy.

A DOE R&D Response to Emerging Coal By-Product and Water Issues in the Electric-Utility Industry [PDF-112KB] (Nov 2003)
Paper on NETL's coal byproducts and power plant-water R&D activities presented at the Clean Coal and Power Conference.

Electric Utilities and Water: Emerging Issues and R&D Needs [PDF-164KB] (Apr 2003)
Presented by Thomas J. Feeley at the 9th Annual Wastes Technical and Regulatory Conference.

Selections made under Innovative Water Management Techniques and Concepts for Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers Solicitation (Aug 2003)
This report provides a preliminary feasibility evaluation of using underground coal mine pool water for power plant cooling.

Electric Utilities and Water: Emerging Issues and R&D Needs [PDF-30KB] (Apr 2003)
Presented at Water Environment Federation, 9th Annual Industrial Wastes Technical and Regulatory Conference, San Antonio, TX

Current and Future Water Regulatory Issues Affecting Electric Utilities [PDF-2.1MB] (Mar 2003) Presented by Ron Hix.

Electric Utilities and Water: Emerging Issues and R&D Needs (July 2002)
Conference proceedings from the July 23-24, 2002 workshop held in Pittsburgh, PA.

NETL Technical Papers:

Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements: 2010 Update [PDF-1.8MB] (Sept 2010)

A Synergistic Combination of Advanced Separation and Chemical Scale Inhibitor Technologies for Efficient Use of Impaired Water As Cooling Water in Coal-based Power Plants [PDF-20MB] (Aug 2010)

Water Vulnerabilities for Existing Coal-fired Power Plants [PDF-4.3MB] (Aug 2010)

Impacts of TMDLs on Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-1.8MB] (Apr 2010)

Reuse of Treated Internal or External Wastewaters in the Cooling Systems of CoalBased Thermoelectric Power Plants [PDF-13MB] (Sept 2009)

Use of Air2Air Technology to Recover Fresh-Water from the Normal Evaporative Cooling Loss at Coal-Based Thermoelectric Power Plants - Final Report [PDF-3.8MB] (Sept 2009)

Application of Pulsed Electrical Fields for Advanced Cooling and Water Recovery in Coal-Fired Power Plants - Final Report [PDF-5.2MB] (June 2009)

Water Requirements for Thermoelectric Plant Technologies [PDF-1.1MB] (Apr 2009)

Recovery of Water From Boiler Flue Gas - Final Report [PDF-1.8MB] Dec 2008)

Environmentally Safe Control of Zebra Mussel Fouling - Final Report [PDF-96KB] (May 2008)

Water: A Critical Resource in the Thermoelectric Power Industry [PDF-426KB] (Jan 2008)

Enhanced Performance Carbon Foam Heat Exchanger for Power Plant Cooling - Final Report [PDF-1.2MB] (July 2007)

Fate of As, Se, and Hg in a Passive Integrated System for Treatment of Fossil Plant Waste Water [PDF-7.8MB] (Feb 2007)

Revised 2006 and 2007 Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements Reports: Both the 2006 and 2007 Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements reports have been revised. The most notable revision is to the reported water consumption values. The revised reports lists a lower amount of fresh water consumed for the 2005 baseline year and therefore lists lower water consumption for all proceeding years. This change is due to a refinement of the nuclear plant water usage factors.

Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements [PDF-1.4MB] (Oct 2007)

Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements [PDF-1.6MB] (Aug 2006)

Energy Demands on Water Resources: Report to Congress on the Interdependency of Energy and Water [PDF-2.5MB] (Dec 2006)

Water Extraction from Power Plant Flue Gas [PDF-89MB] (Dec 2006)

Demonstrating a Market-Based Approach to the Reclamation of Mined Lands in West Virginia [PDF-482KB] (July 2006)

Use of Coal Drying to Reduce Water Consumed in Pulverized Coal Power Plants [PDF-656KB] (Dec 2002 - Mar 2006)

Use of Produced Water in Recirculating Cooling Systems at Power Generating Facilities [PDF-7MB] (Oct 2005 - Mar 2006)

Novel Anionic Clay Adsorbents for Boiler-Blow Down Waters Reclaim and Reuse [PDF-671KB] (Dec 2005)

Specifically Designed Constructed Wetlands: A Novel Treatment Approach for Scrubber Wastewater [PDF-514KB] (Sept 2005)

Strategies for Cooling Electric Generating Facilities Utilizing Mine Water: Technical and Economic Feasibility - Final Report [PDF-6.3MB] (Aug 2005)

Finding Technological Solutions to the Energy-Water Nexus [PDF-56KB] (Aug 2005)
Published in IAGS's Energy Security Newsletter.

Identification of Incentive Options to Encourage the Use of Produced Water, Coal Bed Methane Water and Mine Pool Water [PDF-340KB] (Sept 2004)
This report examines the use of alternative water sources as potential solutions to the diminishing supply of water.

Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet 2025 Electricity Generating Capacity Forecasts [PDF-158KB] (June 2004)
Using EIA's 2004 Annual Energy Outlook reference case forecast for electricity generating capacity, this analysis estimates the demand thermoelectric power plants will have on freshwater resources through 2025 and compares these projections to current and past USGS water use estimates.

A Novel Concept for Reducing Water Usage and Increasing Efficiency in Power Generation [PDF-577KB] (Mar 2004)

Paper on the Beneficial Use of Mine Pool Water for Power Generation [PDF-213KB] (Sept 2003)

Innovative Diffusion Driven Desalination Process [PDF-458KB] (Mar 2003)

Energy Penalty Analysis of Possible Cooling Water Intake Structure Requirements on Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-705KB] (Oct 2002)
Systems analysis of performance and energy impacts associated with retrofitting coal-fired power plants with alternative cooling technologies.

An Investigation of Site-Specific Factors for Retrofitting Recirculating Cooling Towers at Existing Power Plants [PDF-3.9MB] (Oct 2002)
A summary review of site‑specific issues related to the retrofit of recirculating cooling systems at existing power plants. The report also includes a January 2003 addendum that highlights the critical need to look specifically at individual sites and that more detailed, site‑specific issues can significantly affect the feasibility and cost of facility retrofits.

NETL Presentations:

NETL-Existing Plants Water Projects Meeting (Oct 2008)

Water Usage Impacts of CO₂ Capture Technologies - Projections Through 2030 [PDF-2MB] (Jan 2008)
Presented at the EUEC Energy & Environment Conference.

Two presentations were given at the EUCI "A Water Constrained Future - How Power Producers Can Minimize Impacts in the West" conference, San Diego, California, May 2007

Estimating Freshwater Needs for Thermoelectric Power Plants Through 2030 [PDF-929KB] (May 2007)

DOE/NETL Power Plant Water Management R&D Program [PDF-2.6MB] (May 2007)

Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements in Western United States [PDF-1.6MB] (Mar 2007)
P resented at the First Western Forum on Energy & Water Sustainability in Santa Barbara, California

DOE/NETL Water & Power Plant Overview Mtg. [PDF-14MB] (June 2006)

DOE/NETL's Power Plant Water Management R&D Program – Responding to Emerging Issues [PDF-2.8MB] (Jan 2005)
Presented at the 8th Electric Utilities Environmental Conference (EUEC) in Tucson, Arizona.

Responding to Emerging Power Plant-Water Issues – DOE/NETL's R&D Program [PDF-2.9MB] (Oct 2004)
Presented at the 3rd Annual West Virginia Water Conference.

Responding to Emerging Power Plant-Water Issues – DOE/NETL's R&D Program [PDF-4.8MB] (Sept-Oct 2004)
Presented at the EPRI Environmental Sector Meetings.

Responding to Emerging Power Plant-Water Issues – DOE/NETL's R&D Program [PDF-9.2MB] (May 2004)
Presented at the American Coal Council 2004 Spring Coal Forum in Dallas, Texas.

DOE/NETL’s R&D Response to Emerging Coal By-Product and Water Issues [PDF-593KB] (Nov 2003)
Presentation on NETL's coal byproducts and power plant-water R&D activities presented at the Clean Coal and Power Conference.

Electric Utilities and Water: Emerging Issues and R&D Needs [PDF-1.8MB] (Apr 2003)
Presented by Thomas J. Feeley at the 9th Annual Wastes Technical and Regulatory Conference.

Tutorial on Electric Utility Water Issues [PDF-285KB] (Mar 2003)
Presentations on Electric Utility and Water Issues, 28th Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems Conference, presented by Thomas J. Feeley, III

NETL's Water-Energy R&D Activities [PDF-1.5MB] (Feb 2003)
Presentation to the Laboratory Energy Research and Development Working Group (LERDWG) on NETL's Water for Energy research activities in Washington D.C.

DOE-NETL Electric Utility-Water R&D Program [PDF-903KB] (Sept 2002)
Presentation to EPRI Water Advisory Council on DOE-NETL Electronic Utility-Water R&D Program in Milwaukee, WI.

NETL Factsheets:

Study of the Use of Saline Formations for Combined Thermoelectric Power Plant Water Needs and Carbon Sequestration at a Regional-Scale [PDF-547KB] (Jan 2012)

Technology to Facilitate the Use of Impaired Waters in Cooling Towers [PDF-357KB] (Jan 2009)

Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater as Power Plant Cooling System Makeup Water: Tertiary Treatment Versus Expanded Chemical Regimen for Recirculating Water Quality Management [PDF-1MB] (Jan 2009)

Reuse of Produced Water from CO₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery, Coal-Bed Methane, and Mine Pool Water by Coal-Based Power Plants [PDF-552KB] (Jan 2009)

Internet-Based, GIS Catalog of Non-Traditional Sources of Cooling Water for Use at America's Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-277KB] (Jan 2009)

Recovery of Water from Boiler Flue Gas Using Condensing Heat Exchangers [PDF-246KB] (Jan 2009)

Transport Membrane Condenser for Water and Energy Recovery from Power Plant Flue Gas [PDF-511KB] (Jan 2009)

The Use of Restored Wetlands to Enhance Power Plant Cooling and Mitigate the Demand on Surface Water Use [PDF-335KB] (Jan 2009)

Application of Pulse Spark Discharges for Scale Prevention and Continuous Filtration Methods [PDF-200KB] (Jan 2009)

Improved Performance of an Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) Using SPX Wind Guide Technology at Coal-Fired Thermoelectric Power Plants [PDF-536KB] (Jan 2009)

Improvement to Air2Air® Technology to Reduce Fresh-Water Evaporative Cooling Loss at Coal-Based Thermoelectric Power Plants [PDF-518KB] (Jan 2009)

Lignite Fuel Enhancement [PDF-437KB] (Sept 2008)

Recovery of Water from Boiler Flue Gas - Phase I [PDF-203KB] (Nov 2006)

Innovative Approaches and Technologies for Improved Power Plant Water Management, November 2005 Project Awards [PDF-2.2MB] (Mar 2006)

Strategies for Cooling Electric Generating Facilities Utilizing Mine Water: Technical and Economic Feasibility [PDF-2MB] (Aug 2005)

Innovative Approaches and Technologies for Improved Power Plant Water Management [PDF-206KB] (Jan 2005)

Environmentally-Safe Control of Zebra Mussel Fouling Fact Sheet [PDF-308KB] (Sept 2004)

A Holistic Approach to Addressing Environmental Issues in Appalachia [PDF-1.1MB] (Sept 2002)
This fact sheet describes a project that is intended to demonstrate the potential to create novel ecosystem goods and services by recycling impacted mined lands in Appalachia.

Non-NETL Related Publications:

Produced Water Volumes and Management Practices in the United States [PDF-464KB] (Sept 2009)
Argonne National Laboratory

An Analysis of the Effects of Drought Conditions on Electric Power Generation in the Western United States [PDF-1.1MB] (April 2009)

Impact of Drought on U.S. Steam Electric Power Plant Cooling Water Intakes and Related Water Resource Management Issues [PDF-1.5MB] (April 2009)

Baseline and Projected Water Demand Data for Energy and Competing Water Use Sectors (Nov 2008)

Use of Reclaimed Water for Power Plant Cooling [PDF-1MB] (Aug 2007)
A report has been completed on the use of treated municipal wastewater, also known as “reclaimed water”, as an alternative to freshwater to use for cooling and process water in electric generating facilities. The report includes a database of facilities using this water source, regulatory requirements that federal and state agencies have imposed to govern reuse of reclaimed water, additional treatment that may be required before a power plant can use reclaimed water, and a site visit to the Panda-Brandywine power plant located near Washington, DC that uses reclaimed water as cooling tower makeup. (Argonne National Laboratory)

Update on Use of Mine Pool Water for Power Generation (Sept 2006)

The Economics of Powder River Basin Coalbed Methane Development [PDF-1MB] (Jan 2006)
Advanced Resources International, Inc.

Identification of Incentive Options to Encourage the Use of Produced Water, Coal Bed Methane Water, and Mine Pool Water [PDF-340KB] (Sept 2004)

Use of Mine Pool Water for Power Plant Cooling [PDF-871KB] (Sept 2003)

Mercury Emissions Control

NETL Program Overview Papers:

An Update on DOE's Phase II and Phase III Mercury Control Technology R&D Program [PDF-431KB] (Nov 2009)
Article published in Fuel Processing Technology magazine.

Developing Mercury Control Technology for Coal-Fired Power Plants – From Concept to Commercial Reality [PDF-708KB] (Sept 2008)
Article published in Main Group Chemistry magazine.

An Update on DOE/NETL's Mercury Control Technology Field Testing Program [PDF-328KB] (July 2008)

2007 Mercury Control Technology Conference Proceedings (Dec 2007)

2006 Mercury Control Technology Conference Proceedings (Dec 2006)

2005 Mercury Control Technology Conference Proceedings (July 2005)

Field Testing of Mercury Control Technologies for Coal-Fired Power Plants Final Draft [PDF-828KB] (May 2005)

2004 Mercury Control Technology Conference Proceedings (July 2004)

DOE/NETL & EPRI Sponsored Mercury Measurements Workshop Conference Proceedings (July 2004)

DOE-NETL's Mercury Control Technology Research Program for Coal-Fired Power Plants [ PDF-1.5MB] (Oct 2003)
Published in EM Magazine. (A&WMA’s Magazine for Environmental Managers)

TechLine entitled "DOE to Test Advanced Methods For Reducing Mercury Emissions" (Sept 2003)

2003 Mercury Control Technology Conference Proceedings (Aug 2003)

DOE/NETL's Current Mercury Ccontrol R&D Program [ PDF-817KB] (Apr 2003)

Phase II Mercury Field Test Needs [PDF-18KB] (Sept 2002)
Meeting Summary with Utilities/Stakeholders following the wrap-up of Air Quality III in Arlington, Va.

Phase II Mercury Field Test Needs [PDF-57KB] (June 2002)
Notes from the DOE/EPRI meeting held in Washington, DC.

Meeting Mercury Standards (June 2001)
Novel Concepts Could Reduce Health Threat, Reduce Costs for Ratepayers
To help reduce concerns that harmful levels of mercury from coal power plants can collect in fish and marine mammals, the Department of Energy is joining with industry to develop high-tech ways to remove this pollutant before it enters the atmosphere.

New Technologies to Help Industry Meet Tighter Mercury Standards (Aug 2000)
With health officials warning of mercury buildup in fish and marine mammals, the Energy Department's Fossil Energy program is preparing to award just over $5.5 million to companies proposing to test full-scale advanced mercury control methods at several of the nation's coal-fired power plants.

NETL Technical Papers:

Noble Metal Catalysts for Mercury Oxidation [PDF-734KB] (July 2008)

Preliminary Economic Analysis of Wet FGD Co-Benefit Enhancement Technologies [PDF-413KB] (May 2008)

UPDATED Economic Analysis of Activated Carbon Injection [PDF-1.7MB] (May 2007)

Further Investigation of the Impact of Sulfur Trioxide on Activated Carbon Injection Performance [PDF-47KB] (Nov 2007)

Impact of Sulfur Trioxide on Activated Carbon Performance [PDF-134KB] (Aug 2007)

Mercury Capture and Fate Using Wet FGD at Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-550KB] (Aug 2006)
This paper describes NETL's R&D efforts to optimize Hg capture in FGD systems and to characterize the fate of mercury in the resultant by-products.

Survey of Catalysts for Oxidation of Mercury in Flue Gas [PDF-118KB] (Aug 2006)
Paper was published in Environmental Science & Technology.

A Kinetic Approach to the Catalytic Oxidation of Mercury [PDF-60KB] (Aug 2006)
Paper was published in the ACS journal Energy & Fuels.

Sorbents for Mercury Capture from Fuel Gas with Application to Gasification Systems [PDF-40KB] (May 2006)
Paper was published in the journal Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

Preliminary Economic Analysis of Activated Carbon Injection [PDF-1.3MB] (Apr 2006)

The PCO Process for Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas [PDF-419KB] (Apr 2005)
Presented at the 30th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, in Clearwater, FL.

The Thief Process for Mercury Removal from Flue Gas [PDF-373KB] (Apr 2005)
Presented at the 30th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, in Clearwater, FL.

Preliminary Cost Estimate of Activated Carbon Injection for Controlling Mercury Emissions from an Un-Scrubbed 500 MW Coal-Fired Power Plant [PDF-1.6MB] (Nov 2003)

TechLine entitled Innovative Mercury Removal Technique Shows Early Promise (Aug 2003)

Evaluation of the Effect of SCR NOx Control Technology on Mercury Speciation [PDF-439KB] (Mar 2003)

Photochemical Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas [PDF-62KB] (Oct 2002)
Appearing in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Volume 41, Issue 21.

Novel Sorbents For Mercury Removal From Flue Gas [PDF-151KB] (Apr 2000)
A laboratory-scale packed-bed reactor system used to screen sorbents for their capability to remove elemental mercury from various carrier gasses is discussed.

Effects of Photochemical Formation of Mercuric Oxide [PDF-44KB] (Dec 1999)
In this paper, the photochemistry of elemental mercury and oxygen is examined by using quartz flow reactors.

Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program: Compendium HAPs Publications (1993-1998)
This page provides links to Hazardous Air Pollutant publications.

NETL Presentations:

U.S. DOE's Hg Control Technology RD&D Program - Significant Progress, But More Work to be Done! [PDF-2.1MB] (June 2006)
Presented at the A&WMA's 99th Annual Conference and Exhibition, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

U.S. DOE's Hg Control Technology RD&D Program - Significant Progress But More Work to be Done [PDF-2.1MB] (June 2006)
Presented at the Third International Experts Workshop - Mercury Emissions form Coal, in Katowice, Poland.

Fate of Mercury in Coal Byproducts--DOE's Mercury Control Technology Field Testing and Related Projects [PDF-1.1MB] (Oct 2005)
Presented at the Workshop on Mercury Control from Coal Combustion, in Beijing, China.

An Update on the U.S. Department of Energy's Phase II Mercury Control Technology Field Testing Program [PDF-1.87MB] (Oct 2005)
Presented at the Workshop on Mercury Control from Coal Combustion, in Beijing, China.

Status of U.S. Department of Energy's Mercury Control Technology Field Testing Program [PDF-1.1MB] (Oct 2005)
Presented at EUCI's Navigating the Mercury Issue Conference, in Arlington, VA

Development and Testing of Mercury Control Technology for Coal-Fired Power Plants: A U.S. Department of Energy R&D Program [PDF-2.6MB] (June 2005)
Presented at the Clean Air 2005 8th International Conference on Energy for a Clean Environment, in Lisbon, Portugal.

Status Report on U.S. DOE Mercury Control Technology Phase II Field Testing Program [PDF-1.9MB] (May 2005)
Presented at the Mercury Experts' Conference 2 Conference in Ottawa.

An update of U.S. Department of Energy's Mercury Control Technology R&D Program for Coal-Fired Boilers [PDF-2.2MB] (Apr 2005)
Presented at the Working Session of the New Hampshire House Science, Technology, & Energy Committee.

An update of DOE's Phase II Mercury Control Technology Field Testing Program. [PDF-251KB] (Mar 2005)
Presented at the American Coal Council's 2005 Mercury & Multi-Emissions Conference in St. Louis.

DOE's Hg Control Technology and Related Coal Utilization Byproducts Characterization Research [PDF-5.3MB] (Mar 2005)
Presented at the Indiana Office of Air Quality Mercury Workshop.

Mercury Emissions Control Technology - DOE's R&D Program [PDF-1.8MB] (Dec 2004)
Presented at the Power-Gen International 2004 Hg Control - Coping with Regulatory Uncertainty, in Orlando Florida.

Mercury Emissions Control Technology - DOE'S R&D Program [PDF-4.2MB] (Nov 2004)
Presented at the American Chemical Society/American Institute of Chemical Engineers meeting.

DOE-NETL's Mercury Control Technology R&D Program for Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-3.5MB] (June 2003)
Presented at the AWMA 97th Annual Conference & Exhibition Mercury and Power Generation Panel.

DOE-NETL's Mercury Control Technology R&D Program for Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-3.4MB] (May 2004)
Presented at the Mercury Emissions from Coal 1st International Experts' Workshop in Glasgow Scotland.

Mercury and Multi-Emissions Compliance: Strategies and Tactics [PDF-1.6MB] (Mar 2003)
Presented to the American Coal Council in Charlotte, N.C.

Presentation made at EPRI on DOE-NETL's Mercury R&D Program [PDF-3368KB] (Nov 2002)

DOE/NETL's Phase II Plans for Full-Scale Mercury Removal Technology Field-Testing [PDF-316KB] (Sept 2002)
Presentation from the joint DOE/EPRI/EPA meeting with utilities on Phase II Mercury Field Test Needs held immediately following the wrap-up of Air Quality III in Arlington, VA.

Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter [PDF-432KB] (Sept 2002)
Presented at Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter by Rita A. Bajura.

DOE/NETL's Mercury Emissions Control Technology R&D Program [PDF-783KB] (Aug 2002)
Presentation on mercury control technology R&D program presented to the Lignite Energy Council and the lignite coal industry in Bismarck, North Dakota.

Mercury Reduction in Coal-Fired Power Plants: DOE's R&D Program [PDF-747KB] (Aug 2002)
Presented at the ARIPPA Technical Symposium.

NETL Factsheets:

Mercury Control Technology Research Program [PDF-459KB] (Feb 2005)
This Program Fact Sheet provides background information and a description of the projects NETL is supporting in developing and testing advanced mercury control technologies as well efforts directed at understanding the fate of mercury in coal-fired electric utility boilers.

Phase II Field Testing of Advanced Mercury Control Technology [PDF-157KB] (Feb 2005)

Non-NETL Related Publications:

The Thief Process For Mercury Removal from Flue Gas [PDF-252KB] (June 2006)
Paper was accepted by the Journal of Environmental Management. (Elsevier Journal of Environmental Management)

A Technique to Control Mercury from Flue Gas: The Thief Process [PDF-484KB] (May 2006)
Paper was accepted to Fuel Processing Technology. (Elsevier Fuel Processing Technology)

The Role of Pressure Drop and Flow Redistribution on Modeling Mercury Control Using Sorbent Injection in Baghouse Filters [PDF-292KB] (Mar 2006)
Paper was published in the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. (University of South Carolina, U.S. Department of Energy, University of Pittsburgh)

Background Information on Mercury Sources and Regulations (Mar 2006)
This write-up provides an overview of mercury regulations at the state and federal levels. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

The PCO Process for Photochemical Removal of Mercury from Flue Gas [PDF-1.7MB] (Dec 2005)
Paper was published in the Fuel Processing Technology Journal. (Elsevier Fuel Processing Technology)

Press Release [PDF-152KB] (Mar 2004)
On the GP-254 mercury control technology. (PowerSpan Corp.)

DOE This Month [PDF-73KB] (Oct 2003)
Featuring NETL's GP-254 UV process. (Pacific Northwest Laboratory)

EPA Mercury Study Report to Congress: Overview (Feb 2001)
This report provides an assessment of U.S. mercury emissions by source, the health and environmental implication of the emissions, and the availability and cost control technologies. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

News Releases (2001)
This page provides links to various news stories related to mercury in the environment.

EPA Decision to Regulate Mercury [PDF] (Dec 2000)
This fact sheet covers the U.S. EPA's decision to regulate emissions of mercury and other air toxics from power plants. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

Mercury Reduction Case Studies (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) (1998)
This link provides case study information on reduction of mercury discharges to the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority sewage system. (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA))

Coal Utilization By-Products

NETL Program Overview Papers:

A Review of DOE/NETL’s Coal Utilization By-Products Environmental Characterization Research [PDF-207KB] (July 2004) of NETL's research directed at the environmental characterization of coal utilization byproducts, with a focus on the fate of mercury, is now available.

DOE/NETL’s R&D Response to Emerging Coal By-Product and Water Issues [PDF-112KB] (Nov 2003)
NETL's coal byproducts and power plant-water R&D activities presented at the Clean Coal and Power Conference.

Hg Control - The Effects on By-Products: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? Workshop Proceedings (Mar 2002)

NETL Technical Papers:

Mercury Capture and Fate Using Wet FGD at Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-550KB] (Aug 2006)
This paper describes NETL's R&D efforts to optimize Hg capture in FGD systems and to characterize the fate of mercury in the resultant by-products.

NETL Presentations:

Fate of Mercury in Coal Utilization Byproducts [PDF-2.9MB] (Aug-Sept 2005)
Presented at the Coal Combustion Product Optimization Conference, Denver Colorado.

Coal Combustion Products --Challenges to Increased Utilization [PDF-1.1MB] (Aug-Sept 2005)
Ppresented at the EUCI's Coal Combustion Product Optimization Conference, Denver, Colorado.

DOE/NETL’sCoal Utilization Byproduct R&D Program [PDF-1.8MB] (Jan 2004)
Presentation made on NETL's Coal Utilization Byproducts R&D at the ACAA Annual Meeting in Dallas, Texas.

DOE/NETL’s R&D Response to Emerging Coal By-Product and Water Issues [PDF-593KB] (Nov 2003)
Presentation on NETL's coal byproducts and power plant-water R&D activities presented at the Clean Coal and Power Conference.

Coal Combustion Products: Challenges and Opportunities [PDF-208KB] (Jan 2003)
Keynote address by Carl O. Bauer, Associate Director of the Office of Coal and Power Systems, presented at the American Coal Ash Association Conference in St. Petersburg, FL on January 27. The presentation speaks to the opportunities and challenges of increased use of coal combustion products and DOE/NETL's research efforts in response to environmentally sound use and disposal of coal combustion products.

NETL Factsheets:

Multi-Pollutant Emissions Control: Pilot Plant Study of Technologies for Reducing Hg, SO₃ , & NOx [PDF-548KB] (Feb 2003)

Non-NETL Related Publications:

Barriers to the Increased Utilization of Coal Combustion/Desulfurization By-Products by Government and Commercial Sectors-Update 1998 [PDF-3195KB] (July 1999) (Energy & Environmental Research Center)

Air Quality Research

NETL Program Overview Papers:

NETL's Five Year Research Plan on Fine Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere [PDF-405KB] (2001-2005) provides the strategic plan for conducting research on PM2.5 and related topics for fiscal years 2001-2005.

NETL Technical Papers:

A new TechLine entitled "New Project to Develop Web Tool for Analyzing Air Quality in Ohio River Valley" (Feb 2002)

Comments of DOE/Office of Fossil Energy staff on Fourth External Review Draft Criteria Document for Particulate Matter [PDF-584KB] (June 2003)

The National Research Council (NRC) Review was completed in October 1999, and is now available from the National Academy Press. Ordering information for the NRC review of the can be found at the National Academy Press website.

NETL Presentations:

The DOE-NETL Air Quality Research Program [PDF-542KB] (Mar 2002)

Qualitative and Semi-quantitative Analysis Of Semi-volatile Organics from Ambient Air Fine-particulate Matter, PM 2.5 [PDF-1.1KB] (Aug 2001)
This publication describes work being conducted to determine how coal-based power systems contribute to PM2.5 levels in ambient air.

Quantitative Scanning Electron Microscopy Methods to Characterize Ambient Air PM2.5 [PDF-6.4MB] (Aug 2001)
The objective of this work was to determine the degree that coal-fired utilities contribute to fine particulate matter levels found in ambient air by using scanning electron microscopy techniques.

Monitoring, Sampling and Analysis of Fine Particles at DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory [PDF-3.8MB] (Sept 2000)
This work seeks to determine the relationship between coal-fired boiler emissions and ambient PM2.5 in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area.

NETL Factsheets:

NETL Air Quality Research Program [PDF-2.5MB] (Mar 2004)

PM Emissions Control

NETL Program Overview Papers:

Five Year Research Plan on Fine Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere FY2001-FY2005 [PDF-405MB] (2001-2005)
This report is a 5-year research plan that extends the early description of NETL's program (FETC, 1998), and outlines how NETL (formerly FETC) will continue this program to further the scientific understanding of the origins and characteristics of ground level aerosols of human origin, while adding to the national portfolio of emission reduction options.

NETL Technical Papers:

Using Factor Analysis to Attribute Health Impacts to Particulate Pollution Sources [PDF-361KB] (July 2003)
Paper presented by Thomas Grahame (US DOE) and George Hidy (Envair/Aerochem), accepted for publication in Special Issue of Inhalation Toxicology.

Carnegie Mellon to Study Role of Coal Plants in Airborne Levels of Microscopic Particles (Dec 2000)
Carnegie Mellon to use DOE funding to upgrade air monitoring station to detect tiny airborne particles.

Energy Department Expands Air Monitoring Efforts to Deep South (Dec 2000)
To assist the Environmental Protection Agency, state offices, and the energy industry determine the most effective way to reduce airborne levels of microscopic particles, the Energy Department is awarding a contract to Southern Research Institute to set up an air monitoring station in Alabama.

NETL Presentations:

PM 2.5 Sampling and Analysis at NETL [PDF-593KB] (Mar 2000)
This presentation answers questions of why DOE and NETL are concerned about PM 2.5 and what is being done about it.

NETL Factsheets:

Sampling, Analysis, and Properties of Primary PM2.5: Application to Coal Fired Boilers [PDF-1.1KB] (Dec 2001)

Airborne Fine Particulate Matter (PM) Research Program [PDF-176KB] (Aug 2000)
This Fact Sheet covers the growing concerns over fine particulate matter (PM) emitted into the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources and how DOE-NETL is pursuing a major research program to clarify options in reducing these emissions.

Advanced NOx Emissions Control

NETL Program Overview Papers:

DOE/NETL's NOx Emissions Control R&D Program - Bringing Advanced Technology to the Marketplace [PDF-346KB] (Apr 2008)

Update on DOE/NETL's Advanced NOx Emissions Control Technology R&D Program [PDF-243KB] (Nov 2006)

A Review of DOE/NETL's Advanced NOx Control Technology R&D Program for Coal-Fired Power Plants - Clearwater Conference [PDF-228KB] (Apr 2005)
Paper presented at the 30th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems, Clearwater, FL.

A Review of DOE/NETL's Advanced NOx Control Technology R&D Program for Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-561KB] (Mar 2005)

The U.S. Department of Energy - National Energy Technology Laboratory's NOx Control Program for Coal-Fired Power Plants [PDF-743KB] (2004)
Paper presented at Environmental Control Conference in China in 2004.

NETL Technical Papers:

Nitrogen Oxides Emission Control Options for Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers – Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association [PDF-705KB] (Sept 2005)
Article published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Volume 55:1367-1388

DOE Selects Five NOx-Control Projects to Combat Acid Rain and Smog (Nov 2004)
Continuing efforts to cut acid rain and smog-producing nitrogen oxides (NOx) have prompted the U.S. Department of Energy to partner with industry experts to develop advanced NOx-control technologies.

New Coal Combustor Technologies Cut Pollution and Costs (June 2002)

The U.S. Department of Energy's NOx Control Technology R&D Programme for Existing Power Plants – International Journal of Environment and Pollution [PDF-376KB] (2002)

Clean Coal Technology Burner Sales Top $1 Billion (Mar 2001)
An advanced, low-polluting coal combustor is rapidly becoming one of the government's fastest growing clean coal technology success stories.

An Overview of NOx Control Technologies Demonstrated Under the Department of Energy's Clean Coal Technology Program [PDF-73KB] (Mar 1998)
DOE/NETL white paper.

NETL Presentations:

Overview of DOE/NETL's NOx Control Program, presented October 29, 2003, at the SCR/SNCR Conference [PDF-2.9MB] (Oct 2003)

NETL Factsheets:

Ultra Low NOx Integrated System for NOx Emissions Control From Coal-Fired Boilers [PDF-435KB] (Nov 2004)

METHANE de-NOx for PC Boilers [PDF-958KB] (Nov 2004)

NOx Control for Utility Boiler OTR Compliance [PDF-794KB] (Nov 2004)

Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion for NOx Control [PDF-143KB] (Nov 2004)

NOx Control Options and Integration for U.S. Coal Fired Boilers (Rich Reagent Injection) [PDF-471KB] (Nov 2004)

Non-NETL Related Publications:

Technology Innovations and Experience Curves for Nitrogen Oxides Control Technologies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) [PDF-820KB] (Dec 2005)
Article published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Volume 55:1827-1838 Article published in International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Vol. 17, Nos. 1/2, pp. 00-00

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Why and How They Are Controlled (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) [PDF-300KB] (Nov 1999)
EPA Technical Bulletin No. EPA 456/F-99-006R.

Other

Air Quality III Conference (Sept 2002)
Papers & presentations from the September 2002 Conference.

The Integrated Environmental Control Model (IECM) (Oct 2001)
A model developed by CMU for assessing emission control technology.

Electric Utility Engineer's FGD Manual Volume I [PDF-24MB] (Mar 1996)
FGD Process Design

Electric Utility Engineer's FGD Manual Volume II [PDF-24MB] (Mar 1996)
Major Mechanical Equipment; FGD Proposal Evaluations; USE of FGDPRISM in FGD System Modification, Proposal Evaluation, and Design; FGD System Case Study.