• atmospheric pressure The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. Also known as barometric pressure.

  (The weight of the atmosphere per square inch of surface; the pressure of 14.69 pounds per square inch exerted in all directions, at sea level, by the atmosphere.)

• attraction In physics, the tendency, force, or forces through particles, bodies, etc. that attract or pull together. (The inherent tendency in bodies to approach each other, to unite, and to resist separation.)

• attrition Wear caused by rubbing or friction; for metal surfaces, also known as scoring; scouring. [Attrit (v) to wear] (The state or process of gradually being worn down.)

• barometer An absolute pressure gauge specifically designed to measure atmospheric pressure.

  (An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure and thus for forecasting the weather or finding height above sea level.)

• barometric pressure See atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure on a barometer.

  (A variation of atmospheric pressure.)

• barrier Any physical or biological factor that restricts the migration or free movement.

  (Anything that marks the limits of a place, any limit or boundary, a line of separation.)

• bedrock General term applied to the solid rock underlying soil.

  (Solid rock layer beneath the soil.)

• Bernoulli’s theorem An expression of conservation of energy in the steady flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid; it states the quantity (p/rho) = gz = (v²/2) is constant along any streamline, where p is the fluid pressure, v is the fluid velocity, rho is the mass density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and z is the vertical height. Also known as the Bernoulli equation; Bernoulli’s law.

• Bernoulli effect As a consequence of the Bernoulli theorem, the pressure of a stream of fluid is reduced as its speed of flow is increased.

• bioremediation The use of living organisms to reduce or eliminate environmental hazards resulting from accumulations of toxic chemicals and other hazardous wastes. Produces clean rich soil that can be used as a backfill.

• buoyancy The resultant vertical force exerted on a body by a static fluid in which it is submerged or floating. (The upward pressure by any fluid on a body partly or wholly immersed therein; it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.)

• capillary A fissure or a crack in a formation which provides a route for flow of water or hydrocarbons.
  (A tube with a very small bore.)

• capillary forces The force that is the result of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension in liquids which are in contact with solids, as in a capillary tube: when the cohesive force is greater, the surface of the liquid tends to rise in the tube; when the adhesive force is greater, the surface tends to be depressed in the tube.
  (Adhesion and repulsion which causes the movement of fluid.)

• compression Reduction in volume of a substance due to pressure. A system of forces which tend to decrease the volume or shorten rocks. (The act of pressing or squeezing something together.)

• concentration In solutions, the mass, volume or number of moles of solute present in proportion to the amount of solvent or total solution. (The volitazation of a fluid to increase the strength or density.)

• contaminant Anything that creates an unclean environment.
  (To make impure; unclean; corrupt; to pollute; to tarnish.)

• contaminant transport How any waste moves from the generated site to a new site (commercial, residential or agricultural).

• contamination Something that will make other things unfit for use when it comes into contact with them. (When something becomes contaminated with a foreign substance; pollutant.)

• control volume A fixed arbitrary volume in space through which fluid flows [example: a pipe].

• diffusion The spontaneous movement and scattering of particles (atoms and molecules), of liquids, gases, or solids. (Intermingling the molecules of two or more substances.)

• dimension A name given to measurable quantities such as time, length, velocity, mass, volume, and force. (Measurement in width, breadth, and height.)

• DOE (Department of Energy) An agency of the Federal Government responsible for the research and development of energy and environmental issues related to solving national environmental and energy needs.

• DOE waste Wastes that were created by the production of the atom bomb during World War II plus fossil energy by-products created by coal/gasification processes.

• fluid A substance (as a liquid or gas) tending to flow or take the shape of its container.

• fluid flow The forward continuous movement of a fluid, such as gases, vapors, or liquids, through closed or open channels or conduits.

• fluid resistance The force exerted by a gas or liquid opposing the motion of a body moving through it.

• force The influence on a body which causes it to accelerate.

• friction A force which opposes the relative motion of two bodies whenever such motion exists or whenever there exist other forces which tend to produce such motion. The amount of energy exerted to accomplish a task. (The force of rubbing one body against another.)

• gauge pressure The amount by which the total absolute pressure exceeds the ambient atmospheric pressure. (Atmospheric pressure or water pressure measured using a gauge.)

• gravity The force that tends to draw all bodies in the earth’s sphere toward the center of the earth.

• ground water Water found underground in porous rock strata and soils, as in a spring.
  (Underground water in porous rock undisturbed.)

• ground water table The planar surface between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration. Also known as water table; level of saturation; ground water surface; water level; waterline; saturated surface.

• heat Energy in transit due to a temperature difference between the source from which the energy is coming and a sink toward which the energy is going.

• hydro geology The science dealing with the occurrence of surface and ground water, its utilization, and its functions in modifying the earth [primarily by erosion and deposition].

• impermeable Not permitting water or other fluid to pass through. Also known as impervious.

• intermolecular forces The force between two molecules. Repulsion is a force that tends to increase the distance between two bodies having like electric charges. Attraction is a force that causes adhesion between objects.

• landfill Disposal of solid waste by burying in layers of earth in low stratus layers of the earth.

• leachate A solution formed by leaching.

• leach bed A porous, perforated, or sieve like vessel that holds material to be leached.

• leaching The dissolving, by a liquid solvent, of soluble material from its mixture with and insoluble solid; leaching is an industrial separation operation based on mass transfer; examples are the washing of a soluble salt from the surface of and insoluble precipitate.

• loam Soil mixture of sand, silt, clay, and humus.

• manometer A liquid-column gage (U-shaped tube) used to measure the difference between two fluid pressures.

• medium That entity in which objects exist and phenomena take place; examples are free space and various fluid and solids.
  (An intervening thing through which a force acts or an effect is produced; as, the other is supposed.)

• momentum The speed at which an object moves.
  (The quantity of motion of a moving object, equal to the product of its mass and its velocity.)

• Pascal’s law The law that a confined fluid transmits externally applied pressure uniformly in all directions, without change in magnitude.

• pebble sand layer An unconsolidated sedimentary deposit containing at least 75% sand and up to a maximum of 25% pebbles.

• permeable The ability of a membrane or other material to permit a substance to pass through it.

• plume A feather like expansion, as in a plume of smoke. (Feather like expansion of a pollutant in water, soil, air, like smoke)

• pollutant Something that pollutes; a harmful chemical or waste material discharged into the water or atmosphere.

• pollution Destruction or impairment of the purity of the environment.

• pressure A type of stress which is exerted uniformly in all directions; its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (Force exerted against an opposing body; the thrust distributed over a surface.)

• pressure [drop] gradient The rate of decrease (that is, the gradient) of pressure in space at a fixed time; sometimes loosely used to denote simply the magnitude of the gradient of the pressure field.

• primary dimension Dimensions which are independent of other dimensions.

• property A characteristic or trait of an object.
  (Any trait or attribute proper to a thing, any of the principal characteristics of a substance.)

• radioactive Of, caused by, or showing radioactivity.

• radioactivity The property possessed by some elements, such as uranium, of spontaneously emitting alpha or beta particles or gamma rays.

• secondary dimension Dimensions which are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions.

• sedimentary soil layer Any matter that settles to the bottom of water or other liquid.

• shear strain A deformation of a solid body in which a plane in the body is displaced parallel to itself relative to a parallel planes in the body; quantitatively, it is the displacement of any plane relative to a second plane, divided by the perpendicular distance between planes.

• standard atmosphere A unit of pressure which is the air pressure measured at mean sea level.

• stratum (strata [pl.] ) A single layer of sedimentary rock representing the deposition of a single geological period. These layers are stacked on top of one another.

• surface-active agent A soluble compound that reduces the surface tension of liquids, or reduces interfacial tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid. Also known as surfactant.

• tension A force or combination of forces exerting a pull or push against something.

• torsion The alteration in the relative position of the parts of any solid due to rotation about a common axis, as by twisting one end of a wire or rod while the other remains fixed.

• unit A definite standard of a dimension.

• vadose zone [zone of aeration] A subsurface zone containing water below atmospheric pressure and air or gases at atmospheric pressure. Also known as unsaturated zone; zone of suspended water.

• viscosity The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to a shear stress. Also known as flow resistance.

• volume [flow rate] The volume of the fluid that passes through a given surface in a unit time.

• waste Rubbish from a building. Dirty water from mining, industrial, and domestic use. The amount of excavated material exceeding fill.

Language Arts Connection:
Write letters to the DOE in your area and request information about Leach-Bed Technology. Write letters to local landfill. Invite professional engineers and scientists to speak to your students about the Leach-Bed Technology.

Math Connection:
Have students estimate and calculate formulas for the experiment.

Teacher Key: Environmental Management --- Vocabulary Study Guide

1. Hydro geology is the science dealing with the occurrence of surface and ground water.

2. What is a landfill? Disposal of solid waste by burying in layers of earth in low ground.

3. When a membrane or other material permits a substance to pass through, it is permeable.

4. A pollutant Is a harmful chemical or waste material discharged into the water or atmosphere.

5. A plume is a feather like diffusion of a pollutant into the atmosphere, soil, or water.

6. Loam is a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and humus.

7. A porous, perforated, or sieve like vessel that holds material to be leached is a leach-bed .

8. The speed at which an object moves is its momentum.

9. What law states that fluid transmits externally applied pressure uniformly in all directions, without changing its magnitude is known as Pascal’s Law.

10. The use of living organisms to reduce or eliminate hazards resulting from accumulations of toxic chemicals and other hazardous wastes is called bioremediation.

11. A crack or hole that provides a route for flow of water or hydrocarbons is known as a capillary.

12. The Federal Agency responsible for the research and development of energy and environmental issues related to solving the national environmental needs is the Department of Energy or DOE.

13. How any waste moves from the generated site to a new site is called contaminant transport

14. A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure and is used to forecast weather.

15. A single layer of sedimentary rock representing the deposition of a single geological period of the Earth’s history. These layers are stacked one on the other and are called the Earth’s stratum.

16. Waste is rubbish from any mine, industry, or other human activity.

17. Viscosity is the resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to a shear stress.

18. Surface-active agent is a soluble compound that reduces the surface tension of liquids, or reduces interfacial tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid.

19. Pebble sand layer An unconsolidated sedimentary deposit containing at least 75% sand and up to A maximum of 25% pebbles.

20. Compression is the reduction in volume of a substance due to pressure.

Name: ______________________________  Date: ________________________

Environmental Management --- Vocabulary Study Guide

1. ___________________is the science dealing with the occurrence of surface and ground water.

2. What is a landfill? ______________________________________________

3. When a membrane or other material permits a substance to pass through, it is _________________.

4. A _______________ is a harmful chemical or waste material discharged into the water or atmosphere.

5. A _______________ is a feather like diffusion of a pollutant into the atmosphere, soil, or water.

6. _______________ is a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and humus.

7. A porous, perforated, or sieve like vessel that holds material to be leached is a _______________.

8. The speed at which an object moves is its _______________.

9. What law states that fluid transmits externally applied pressure uniformly in all directions, without changing its magnitude is known as _______________.

10. The use of living organisms to reduce or eliminate hazards resulting from accumulations of toxic chemicals and other hazardous wastes is called _______________.

11. A crack or hole that provides a route for flow of water or hydrocarbons is known as a _______________.

12. The Federal Agency responsible for the research and development of energy and environmental issues related to solving the national environmental needs is the _______________.

13. How any waste moves from the generated site to a new site is called _______________.

14. A _______________ is used to measure atmospheric pressure and is used to forecast weather.

15. A single layer of sedimentary rock representing the deposition of a single geological period of the Earth’s history. These layers are stacked one on the other and are called the Earth’s _______________.

16. _______________ is rubbish from any mine, industry, or other human activity.

17. _______________ is the resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to a shear stress.

18. _______________ is a soluble compound that reduces the surface tension of liquids, or reduces interfacial tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid.

19. _______________ an unconsolidated sedimentary deposit containing at least 75% sand and up to a maximum of 25% pebbles.

20. _______________ is the reduction in volume of a substance due to pressure.

Name: _______________________________   Date: ________________________